HIST 202 Final, Spring 1997

HISTORY 202 Ae FINAL EXAM June 14,1997 PART ONE INSTRUCTIONS: Answer any two of the following questions 1. Describe in general terms the reform efforts of the Ottoman state from the destruction of the Janissaries in 1826 until the promulgation of the constitution in 1876. To what extent were the reform measures implemented in Syria and Egypt? 2.Assess the impact of Egyptian rule in Syria and Lebanon(1831-1840),and explain the internal factors and external intervention that jed to the rise of an anti-Egyptian sentiment and revolt against both Ibrahim Pasha and Bashir II. 3.Discuss the internai developments and foreign penetration that gave rise to Egyptian nationalism. What were the objectives of this movement and how did it manifest itself in the period from the 1870s to the First World War? 4.Ottomanism, Turkish nationalism, pan-lslamism and Arab nationalism were four ieading doctrines that, simultaneously or at different times within the last decades of the 19th century, competed for the allegiance ot all or some of the Ottoman subjects. Explain each 'ism' and, why they were incompatible and the nature of the conflict among them. 5. Was Muhammad Ali the founder of modern Egypt? Answer this question with reference to his internal policies and motives. 6.Explain the special character of the’ beylicate’ in Egypt and discuss its implications for Ottoman rule there. PART TWO: Instructions: Identify, define, discuss or comment briefly on any two of the following items 4.Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab 2.the Faqari-Qasimi factions 3.the peasant revolt in Kisrawan 4.Ali bey al-Kabir 5.As'ad Pasha al-Azm 6.the double Kaymakamate 7.Young Arab Society 8.Dual control in Egyot