HIST 212 Final, Fall 2005

History 212 Final Exam, 1/2006 Answer any two of the following: 1 question: When did an Islamic state emerge? What is the answer that Donner provides? What type of supportive evidence does he furnish? 2. Islamic historiography recognized the roles of two towering female personalities in the early history of the Islamic community: Khadi Their lives encapsulate the kinds of changes that would overtake women in Islamic Arabia. Discuss. 3 awiyya b. Abi Sufyan the unity of the Muslim community which had been so badly damaged in the preceding years; and he faced opposition not just from people who resented his assumption of power, but people who resented the whole idea of a strong and effective Discu awiyya, the difficulties he had to face, and the policies he adopted. 4. In the early years of his reign, Caliph Abd al-Malik had to face several major obstacles. What were these obstacles? What main measures did he undertake to consolidate his authority?