HIST 229 Final, Spring 1997
American University of Beirut · History of the Arabs · 1 page
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History 229
Final Exam
June 17, 199}
Answer any_two of the following questions:
1. In the early years of his reign, Caliph Abd al-Malik had to face several
major obstacles. What were these obstacles? What main measures did he
undertake to consolidate his authority?
2. Discuss the origins of Shiism, down to early Abbasid times, emphasizing
the main landmarks in the development of the Twelver Imami doctrines.
3. Discuss the background and causes of success of the Abbassid Revolution.
4. What was the cause of the civil war between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun? How
would you assess al-Ma'mun’'s reign?
AMERICAN UNTY