HIST 232 Final, Spring 1997

HISTORY 232 Final Examination Time: 2 1/2 hrs 18 June 1997 Answer one question from each part PART I 1. Discuss the relations between the Comneni emperors of Constan- tinople and the Latins of Western Europe and Outremer, explaining the changes in the nature of these relations as they occurred. 2. "The Byzantine empire restored by the Paleologi represented no more than the remnant of a formerly great empire, menaced on all sides by peoples politically or economically strong." To what extent is this statement historically valid? Discuss fully. PART ITI i. Outline the stages of the development of the Muslim Holy War against the Crusaders in Syria, from the time of Mawdud to the fall of Acre in the hands of the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, giving the dates of what you regard as the key turning points in the story. 2. "The Mamluk sultanate, as finally established by Baybars in Cairo, was essentially a continuation of the preceding Ayyubid regime." Discuss the institutional structure of the Mamluk regime in the light of this statement. PART III 3. Who were the Ilkhans of Persia? And what, to your mind, is their significance in the history of Middle East during the age of the Crusades? 4. "The passing of the Seljuk sultanate of Rum and the subsequent weakening of the hold of the Persian Ilkhans over their Anatolian possessions were accompanied by the emergence of independent Turkish principalities throughout the peninsula" (P. M. Holt). Expand on this statement to produce a picture of the political disintegration of Turkish Anatolia between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. <n <> g vA eee gb Aer ve ae \ Ve, an \