ENG 227 Final, Spring 2002

” . ‘y a . English 227 2™4 Semester 2001-2002 ° “/ Introduction to Language Prof. Kassim A. Shaaban ANAL EXAMINATION (Tie Hours) Answer the first three questions and any two of the remaining four questions. 1. Mark the following statements as TRUE or FALSE. a. b. c. ee f. —_8 __h i —_I ____k ] d. Overgeneralization is a regular process in the acquisition of meaning. Chinese characters are an example of syllabic writing. The Phoenician alphabet was the first to represent both consonants and vowels in writing. In most languages, words and pronouns referring to males are the unmarked forms while words and pronouns referring to females are the marked forms. Idioms are phrases whose meaning can always be inferred from the meanings of their individual words. . Homonyms can create lexical ambiguity. . Sounds that are similar in structure and function are said to belong to the same natural class. . Arabic is a language that has not undergone any changes in centuries. i. “Pronunciation spelling” refers to the spelling of words as they are pronounced as in “kwik” for “quick”. j. Children learn their mother tongue § through imitation and reinforcement. . The Great Vowel Shift brought about pronunciation changes that were not reflected in changes in the spelling of the words that were affected. . The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, a systematic non-arbitrary one. 2. Give examples of the following terms. r PRE me ae op . Spoonerisms Root creation j. Aspirated sounds k. Slang Structural ambiguity 1. Words from proper names Function words m. Jargon Syllabic writing n. Telegraphic speech Back formation o. Blends p. Performative sentences q. Prefix r. . Assimilation Inflectional morpheme Hyponyms Metaphor 3. Match each item under A with one of the items under B. A B 1. Action verb a. UNESCO 2. Relational opposites b. Appear 3. Homophone c. English and French writing 4. Lexical rule d. They are moving sidewalks. 5. Emotive verb e. Arabic and Hebrew 6. Lexical ambiguity f. Put<V> <__NP PP> 7. Structural ambiguity g. Passed away for died 8. Compound noun h. NP—» Det Adj N 9. Complementary opposites i. Give/take 10. Homograph j. Mine 11. Phrase structure rule 1. Smart/stupid 12. Stative verb m. Read (present)/ read (past) 13. Deictic expressions n. Lead (N)/led (V) 14. Idiom o. Legal/illegal 15. Polysemous word p. Believe 16, Acronym q. Buzz off 17. Gradational opposites r. You look sharp. 18. Euphemistic term s. Jump 19, Semitic languages t. Here, now, this 20. Latin alphabet u. Motor home v. Play/player w. Bomb/bombardment 4. Explain the difference between the members of the pair in eight of the following pairs, and provide examples: pe . Phoneme and allophone; . Systematic and accidental gaps in lexicon; Voiced and voiceless sounds; . Relational and complementary opposites; Nasal and oral sounds; Stops and fricatives; Lexical and structural ambiguity; Metaphor and idiom; Overgeneralization and hypercorrection; Retronyms and metonym; Slang and jargon; and Broadening and narrowing of meaning. in” ap ERICAN UNTVERSIT LIBRARY oF BEABLD rR or FE mn © 5. Transcribe the following words. a. Alchemist f. Marinate b. Provide g. Lucky c. Thomas h. Burning check d. Mathew i. Modern e. Play dough j. Describe 6. Explain why languages change through time and space. Then, identify, describe, and illustrate with examples three processes of linguistic change. 7. a. Identify the various stages in the development of writing systems around the world. b. Provide examples of the discrepancies between letters and sounds in English and suggest reasons for the existence of such discrepancies. Good luck Bonus Question 8. Write out in standard orthography the words represented by the following transcriptions: (4 points) a. [02 itae ljanz kraid an sol] b. [dzatk n 68 bojz Sudef plejd] ¢. [hau kudza liver alon] d. [ajdompra ktas anaf] i PRs fapatiethieteh eee fomzricas Cerner, Lithag, t he aa aty “Nee ee i Labial Coronal Dorsal bilabial | labio- | dental | alveolar | post- / retro- | palatal | velar glottal | labial-velar | _ dental alveolar | flex voiceless oral stop | 22¥ P to t key k uh-oh 2 voiced ~ | oral stop be b do d _ go g i voiced . «© nasal stop | @Y m no sing 1 a voiced Otto £ fue Oo Ce flap 5 = rea voiceless Eas fricative fl f) thin @| sass S | show f hat b z58 voiced . to . ; 7 fricative vim V | this ) zip Z \Asia 3 voiceless _ an affricate _ chew tf _ voiced . d affricate jam a3 _ | voiced . ; : approx. ip J tip I | yes J wacky W voiced i 1] ~ lateral low approx. _ - ¢: ts: +f Jedee dg English Consonants As aA Ne Cn Front Central Back round | unround | round | unround round who Uu Midhigh jhid =I bum ar hood U Mid hate € ahoy 9 hoed O Midlow |bet €& hut <A |haughty 3 Low hat & father a hard C1 | hall D English Vowels ERICAN PRIveRs' fo. : LIBRARY OF BUH