HLT 201 Chapter 2, Fall 2014

PREPARED BY: NADIA JRADI MASRI, M.D Diabetes Definition A group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar because: The body does not produce enough insulin or The receptor cells do not respond to the produced insulin Pancreas Diabetes- types Type I: 10% of cases Type II: Most common type Gestational Diabetes: during pregnancy DM I -Diagnosed in childhood -Cause is controversial (could be immune mediated) DM I Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Type II Causes: An interaction between genetic predisposition & lifestyle factors Life time risk of developping DMII is 5-10 x higher in 1st degree relatives (sister/Brother/son/Daughter) of a person with DMII compared to a person with no family history of DM II The main risk factors are a diet rich in refined sugars, obesity and lack of physical exercise Gestational Diabetes -Affects 4% of pregnancies -The cause is unknown -Many complications can happen to the baby -It usually goes away after delivery Diabetes- symptoms Things to know.. Eating sweets or sugar does not cause diabetes Sometimes an accident or an illness may reveal diabetes if it is already there, but they do not cause it You cannot catch diabetes from somebody! Diabetes Mellitus- Treatment It is a chronic disease Goal is to maintain normal blood glucose levels Consists of: - dietary treatment - Excercise - Medications Diabetes Mellitus - treatment Dietary management: Use of artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin..) Low fat diet Low sodium diet High fiber diet Avoid weight gain Diabetes Mellitus I - Treatment Insulin injection s Diabetes Mellitus I - Treatment Insulin Pump Diabetes Mellitus- treatment Diabetes mellitus Type II: Oral medications: increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, or increase the secretion of insulin Last resort: Insulin Diabetes mellitus - Complications A. Vascular Complications- vasculopathy: Coronary heart diseases Stroke Diabetes mellitus - Complications B. Retinopathy (Disease of the eyes) can lead to blindness Diabetes mellitus - Complications C. Nephropathy (Disease of the kidneys) can lead to kidney failure and need for dialysis Diabetes mellitus - Complications D. Neuropathy (Disease of the nervous system) can lead to foot ulceration and possible amputation Diabetic foot Diabetes was responsible for 59% of limb amputations in Lebanon in 2007 Diabetes Mellitus - Prognosis Regular medical care, compliance with dietary and medical treatment are ESSENTIAL Diabetes mellitus - Prognosis Despite the risks associated, most people can live active lives and continue to enjoy the foods and activities they enjoyed before being diagnosed In Lebanon Almost 1 in 6 lebanese individuals suffer from diabetes The latest data show that nearly a quarter of a million lebanese remain undiagnosed Lebanon occupies the 22nd highest rate of diabetes in the world, ahead of many western countries More than 95% of cases are due to modern lifestyles: Poor diet, lack of exercise and rising obesity