GEOL 101 Final, Spring 1998

American University of Beirut Geology Department Geology 101 Final Exam June 23, 1998 Student Name: POLICY ON THE EXAM . Leave all your belongings (except for pens) far from your place. . Be silent, don't look to the sides. . Read the questions carefully before answering. . Anyone found cheating will have their paper confiscated. . Make your answers clear (confused answers will not be considered). . There is no penalty in the first three parts, and concerning parts IV and V answer only one and two questions, respectively. THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION Part I. Choose the best answer (40 pts.) 1. ... % of the crust is made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks. a. 5 b. 50 c. 75 d. 95 . ... 4s a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock, which makes up 70% of all sedimentary rocks. . Shale b. Sandstone c. Conglomerate d. Limestone . ... 18 formed by the contact metamorphism of limestone. . Quartzite b. Gneiss c. Hornfels d. Tactite . The thickness of. . . crust ranges between 7-10 km, and it is mainly composed of... . . oceanic... granite b. continental .. . granite c. oceanic... basalt d. continental .. . basalt . The process of sea floor spreading occurs at . .. boundaries. . transform b. divergent plate c. convergent plate d. all of the above e. none of the above Geology 101, Final Exam 6. Volcanic island arcs form upon the collision of . . . plates. a. two continental b. oceanic and continental c. two oceanic d. all of the above e. none of the above AN earthquake of magnitude / (Kichter scale) releases energy . . . times as much as an earthquake of magnitude 5. . 900 b. 100 c. 30 d. 10 . Rayleigh surface seismic waves are... than... waves. . faster... onlyS b. slower... only P c. faster... PandS d. slower...PandS . The type of physical weathering, when growing crystals crack rocks, is called: . frost wedging b. pressure release fracturing c. abrasion d. all of the above e. none of the above 10. ... occurs when water-saturated soil moves over permafrost. a. Debris flow b. Earth flow c. Creep d. Solifluction 11. The three factors that control the velocity of streams are the... . gradient, discharge and climate discharge, evaporation and channel characteristics gradient, discharge and channel characteristics precipitation, evaporation and infiltration a b. c. d 12. In deltas, stream splits into many channels called: a. tributaries b. distributaries c. meanders d. graded streams 13. When the stream exists before a mountain, and through which is cutting its channel, it is called: a, antecedent b. superimposed c. dendritic d. trellis Dr. K. Kamal Geology 101, Finai Exam 14. Speleothems include: stalactites, stalagmites and caverns columns, caverns and sinkholes stalactites, stalagmites and columns columns, stalagmites and caverns ao of 15. The principle of . . . states that a geologic feature that cuts another body of rock must be younger than it (the body of rock). a. original horizontality b. cross-cutting relationships ¢. superposition d. original lateral continuity 16. ... is the time-stratigraphic unit of an epoch. a. Era b. System c. Stage d. Series 17. The... radiometric method is an indispensable aid to date very recent events in geologic history and also to the archeological research. a. Uranium-Lead b. Potassium-Argon c. Thorium-Lead d. Carbon-14 18... . bears surface features of the original shell after its dissolution upon burial and lithification a. Cast b. Mold c. Petrification d. Carbonization 19. The Mesozoic is best known as the age of: a. reptiles b. mammals c. amphibians d. fishes 20. Camptosaurus belongs to... or... — hipped dinosaurs. a. ornithischians .. . lizard b. Saurischians . . . lizard c. ornithischians .. . bird d. Saurischians . . . bird Dr. K. Kamal Geology 101, Final Exam 3 Part II. Fill in the blanks (20 pts.) 1. The volcanic equivalent of granite is ; gabbro is ; and that of diorite is andesite. 2. The supercontinent (all lands) was composed of two very large continents and Laurasia. ! 3. Along plate boundary the two plates move away from each other, whereas along plate boundary the two plates slide horizontally past one another. 4. The earthquake damage is resulted from: 1) ; 2) permanent alteration and landforms (fault slip); 3) ; 4) and 5) 5. The soil profiles consist (from the top downwards) of: : ; and horizons. 6. The three forms of sediment transport are: 1) , 2) and 3) bed loads. 7. Alluvial fan forms when the stream 8. Porosity (definition) is the 9. The eons (largest divisions of the geologic time scale) are: 1) , 2) ; 3) and 4) 10. Half-life (definition) is the Dr. K. Kamal Geology 101, Final Exam 4 Part II. Circle T = true and F=false and explain why if it is false (15 pts.) T F 1. Lithification refers to all processes that convert loose sediment into hard rock and it includes compaction and cementation. F 2. Upon the subduction of oceanic plates, the zone of earthquakes is called Benioff zone, this zone extends to a depth of about 700 km. 3. Foreshocks are small earthquakes that precede large volcanic eruptions or landslides. 4. A slide occurs when a block of rock and regolith breaks away and moves downslope as a coherent unit. 5. Hydraulic action is the mechanical wearing away of rock by rock fragments carried by stream. 6. The probability of 25 year flood to oceur in any year is 25% 7. Anaquifer is any body of rock or soil that can store water, but it does not transmit it. 8. Stratigraphic correlation is the determination of the equivalence of rock beds in different localities. 9. The radioactivity which was discovered by Henri Becquerel, is the tendency of some isotopes to decay spontaneously. 10. The Mendelian principles of inheritance state, in short, that individuals of the same species vary in morphological and physiological features, these variations provide them with some advantage in a particular environment to survive and produce their offspring. Dr. K. Kamal Geology 101, Final Exam Part IV. Answer only one of the following two questions (5 pts.) 1. Match the relevant terminologies (one to one) in the following two columns (5 pts.) 1. intrusive igneous rock ___ marble 2. extrusive igneous rock __ artesian well 3. clastic sedimentary rock __ dolostone 4. nonclastic sedimentary rock __ ox-bow lake 5. foliated metamorphic rock ___ peridotite 6. nonfoliated metamorphic rock __ schist 7. chemical weathering __ andesite 8. physical weathering ___ thermal expansion and contraction 9. meanders __ conglomerate 10. confined aquifer __ oxidation 2. Name the three dinosaur species shown on the figure and indicate their size and type (carnivorous or herbivorous). 20 Part V. Answer only two of the following three questions (§ pts.) 1. Discuss magma as the source of igneous rocks and outline the textures of igneous rocks. 2. Indicate the factors that control mass wasting and discuss three of them 3. Define paleoecology and describe how fossils are used in reconstructing ancient geography. Good Luck Dr. K. Kamal Geology 101, Final Exam