GEOL 101 Final, Spring 1999

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT Geology Department Geology 101 (section 1) (Z) Final Exam June 23, 1999 Student Name: POLICY ON THE EXAM Leave all your belongings (except for pens) far from your place. Be silent, don't look to the sides. Read the questions carefully before answering. Anyone found cheating will have their paper confiscated. Make your answers clear (confused answers will not be considered). If you finish in the last five minutes, remain seated quietly until all the exam papers have been collected. 7. There is no penalty in the first three parts, and concerning part [V answer only two questions, AYPYn= THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION Part I. Choose the best Answer (52 pts.) 1. The asthenosphere extends from the bottom of the lithosphere to an average depth of... km. a. 150 b. 300 c. 450 d. 600 2. When two continental plates collide they produce... suchas... . a. mountain ranges . . . Himalayas b. volcanic arcs .. . Himalayas c. mountain ranges... Andes d. volcanic ares... Andes 3. Upon... stress the object is... . a. compressive . . . pulled apart b. shearing . . . pulled apart c. compressive . . . squeezed d. shearing . . . squeezed 4. San Andreas fault is an example of . . . plate boundaries. a. continental convergent b. oceanic convergent c. divergent d. transform 5. The ground motion caused by an earthquake of magnitude 7 (Richter scale) is. . . times more than that of an earthquake of magnitude 4. a. 100 b. 900 c. 1000 d. 27000 Dr. K. Khair Geology 10] (final Exam) 6. Tsunamis are the result of an earthquake under . . ., and they travel at speed of up to... km/hr. a. sea... 100 b. continent... 100 c. sea... 1000 d. continent... 1000 7. In earthquake terms, when movement occurs gradually along faults it is called: a. aseismic slip b. elastic rebound c. seismic slip d. seismic gap 8. Outwash plains belong to. . . plains. a. marine b. lake c. alluvial d. glacial 9. Antarctica glaciers belong to. . . glaciers. a. Alpine b. contniental c, valley d. mountain 10. . . is the result of of deflation. a. Desert pavement b. Dune c. Ventifact d. Moraine 11. The... desert is a typical example of tropical latitude deserts. a. Central Asian b. coastal S. American ce. African Sahara d. Nevada 12. Soil-moisture water is held in... zone. . . water table. a. phreatic .. . below b. phreatic .. . above c. vadoze.. . below d. vadoze... above 13. The confined aquifer is bounded by . . . rock from above, and by . . . rock from below. a. impermeable . . . impermeable b. permeable . . . impermeable c. impermeable . . . permeable d. permeable. . . permeable Dr. K. Khair Geology 10] (final Exam) 14. ... resides in the zone of saturation only. a. subsurface water b. groundwater c. soil moisture d. perched water 15. Nonmetallic minerals include: a. sulfur, lead, cobalt and halite b. phosphate, gypsum, halite and sulfur c. lead, zinc, nickel and cobalt d. bauxite, sand, clay and gravel. 16. Asbestos is a typical example of . . . deposits. a. magmatic b. hydrothermal ¢. metamorphic d. sedimentary 17. Over the last decade the production of ... has increased and that of ... has declined. a. Copper and lead... zine b. zinc and lead . . . copper c. Zinc... copper and lead d. copper and zinc. . . lead 18. Oil and natural gas are believed to form from. . . buried by sediment. a. marine microorganisms b. land microorganisms c. marine plants d. land plants 19. The amount of time required for oi! formation is not known precisely but the pro- cess is generally ... Therefore, oil and natural gas are among the ... energy sources. a. slow... renewable b. fast... renewable c. slow... non-renewable d. fast... non-renewable 20. The geopressurized natural gas is met at ... depths, and also provides us with ... energy. a. shallow... geothermal b. great... geothermal c. shallow... mechanical d. great... mechanical 21. The radioactive elements that can be activated in a chain-reaction process are: a. Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 b. Uranium-235 and Uranium-238 c. Thorium-232 and Plutonium-239 d. Thorium-232 and Uranium-238 Dr. K. Khair Geology 101 (final Exam) 3 22. .., is not a form of solar energy. a. Hydropower b. Wind energy c. Biomass d. Tidal power 23. ... wastes are the least in amounts, however they attract most of people’s attention. a, Mineral extraction and processing b. Municipal and industrial c. Crop and animal d. Crop and industrial 24. In anaerobic conditions the decomposition of wastes produce: a. CO2 and H2S b. CO2 and SO2 c. CH4 and H2S d. CHa and SO2 25. Typical nonpoint pollution sources are: . fertilizer runoff, septic tank, and roadsalt runoff . fertilizer runoff, strip-mine acid drainage and roadsalt runoff . sewer outlet, steel mill and septic tank . sewer outlet, strip-mine acid drainage and septic tank 26. The most toxic, to humans or other life forms, agricultural pollutions are: a. fertilizers b. spoil banks c. sediment pollution d. herbicides and pesticides Part II. Circle T = true or F= false, and explain why if it is false (22 pts.) TF 1. Convection cells is the most widely accepted explanation for the driving force of plate motion. T F 2. The axial zone of the Red Sea is a typical example of transform-fault plate boundary. T F 3. Surface seismic waves are subdivided into compressional and shear waves. Dr. K. Khair Geology 101 (final Exam) F 4. The earthquake control comprises unlocking locked faults by hammering the ground and fluid injection. F 5, The equilibrium line of glaciers is the line separating between ablation and accumulation areas. F 6. Air moves from place to place mainly in response to differences in pressure, which is caused mainly by topographic features (mountains and valleys. F 7, Climate is the result of the interplay of a number of factors, mainly: indoor heating and cooling, industry and water pollution. F 8. Cone of depression is a circular lowering of the water table immediately around the well which forms upon pumping water from an unconfined aquifer. F 9. "ppb" is a measure of water quality used for highly concentrated solutions. F. 10. Placers are deposits mechanically (physically) concentrated by water movement and sorted by size and density. F 11. Open-pit mining is more often used to extract coal or when the material of interest occurs in a layer near, and approximately parallel to, the surface. F 12. Fusion is the process by which the sun generates its energy, where simple hydrogen nuclei are fused. F 13. Ina septic system waste water is transferred to a settling tank and the remaining liquid seeps out through porous perforated pipes into the soil of the leaching field. Dr. K. Khair Geology 101 (final Exam) TF 14. The longer the residence time of a pollutant in a reservoir, the lower the environmental impacts. Part IH. Match the relevant terminologies (one to one) in the following two columns (6 pts.) 1. convergent plate boundary _____evaporites 2. divergent plate boundary _____ San Andreas fault 3. earthquake focus ____ graphite 4. transform boundary ___ Alps 5. calving till 6. glacial drift _____ surface subsidence 7. artesian system _____ manganese nodules 8. excessive pumping ___ sea floor spreading 9. sinkholes ___ icebergs 10. sedimentary deposits ___ karst 11. marine mineral resources _____ epicenter 12. metamorphic deposits confined aquifer Part V. Answer only two of the following three questions (20 pts). 1, Discuss locating the epicenter, including calculating the distance to the earthquake station (draw schemes). 2. Review the causes of natural deserts and name their types. 3. Discuss solar energy, including solar heating and electricity, and the potential environmental impacts of large-scale commitment to solar electricity. GOOD LUCK Dr. K. Khair Geology 101 (final Exam) 6