ACO 201 Chapter 7, Spring 2013

Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Financial Assets Financial Assets Chapter 7 7-2 How Much Cash Should a How Much Cash Should a Business Have? Business Have? Accounts receivable Marketable securities (short-term investments) Cash (and cash equivalents) Collections from customers Cash payments “Excess” cash is invested temporarily Investments are sold as cash is needed 7-3 The Valuation of Financial The Valuation of Financial Assets Assets Type of Financial Assets Basis for Valuation in the Balance Sheet Cash (and cash equivalents) Face amount Short-term investments (marketable securities) Current market value Receivables Net realizable value Estimated collectible amount Estimated collectible amount 7-4 Cash Cash Coins and paper money Checks Money orders Travelers’ checks Bank credit card sales Cash is defined as any deposit banks will accept. 7-5 Reporting Cash in the Reporting Cash in the Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Cash Equivalents Restricted Cash Line of Credit 7-6 Cash Management Cash Management Accurately account for cash. Prevent theft and fraud. Assure the availability of adequate amounts of cash. Prevent unnecessarily large amounts of idle cash. Accurately account for cash. Prevent theft and fraud. Assure the availability of adequate amounts of cash. Prevent unnecessarily large amounts of idle cash. 7-7 Internal Control Over Cash Internal Control Over Cash • Segregate authorization, custody and recording of cash. • Prepare a cash budget (or forecast). • Prepare a control listing of cash receipts. • Require daily deposits. • Make all payments by check. • Require that every expenditure be verified before payment. • Promptly reconcile bank statements. • Segregate authorization, custody and recording of cash. • Prepare a cash budget (or forecast). • Prepare a control listing of cash receipts. • Require daily deposits. • Make all payments by check. • Require that every expenditure be verified before payment. • Promptly reconcile bank statements. 7-8 Cash Over and Short Cash Over and Short Cash Over and Short is debited for shortages and credited for overages. Cash Over and Short is debited for shortages and credited for overages. On May 5, XBAR, Inc.’s cash drawer was counted and found to be $10 over. 7-9 Reconciling the Bank Reconciling the Bank Statement Statement Explains the difference between cash reported on bank statement and cash balance in depositor’s accounting records. Provides information for reconciling journal entries. 7-10 Reconciling the Bank Reconciling the Bank Statement Statement Balance per Bank + Deposits in Transit - Outstanding Checks ± Bank Adjustments = Adjusted Balance Balance per Depositor + Deposits by Bank (credit memos) - Service Charge - NSF Checks ± Book Adjustments = Adjusted Balance 7-11 Reconciling the Bank Reconciling the Bank Statement Statement • The July 31 bank statement for Simmons Company indicated a cash balance of $9,610 • The cash ledger account on that date shows a balance of $7,430. • Outstanding checks totaled $2,417. • A $500 check mailed to the bank for deposit had not reached the bank at the statement date. • The bank returned a customer’s NSF check for $225 received as payment of an account receivable. • The bank statement showed $30 interest earned on the bank balance for the month of July. • Check 781 for supplies cleared the bank for $268 but was erroneously recorded in our books as $240. • A $486 deposit by Acme Company was erroneously credited to our account by the bank. • The July 31 bank statement for Simmons Company indicated a cash balance of $9,610 • The cash ledger account on that date shows a balance of $7,430. • Outstanding checks totaled $2,417. • A $500 check mailed to the bank for deposit had not reached the bank at the statement date. • The bank returned a customer’s NSF check for $225 received as payment of an account receivable. • The bank statement showed $30 interest earned on the bank balance for the month of July. • Check 781 for supplies cleared the bank for $268 but was erroneously recorded in our books as $240. • A $486 deposit by Acme Company was erroneously credited to our account by the bank. 7-12 Reconciling the Bank Reconciling the Bank Statement Statement Balance per bank statement, July 31 9,610 $ Additions: Deposit in transit 500 Deductions: Bank error 486 $ Outstanding checks 2,417 2,903 Adjusted cash balance 7,207 $ Balance per depositor's records, July 31 7,430 $ Additions: Interest 30 Deductions: Recording error 28 $ NSF check 225 253 Adjusted cash balance 7,207 $ 7-13 Reconciling the Bank Reconciling the Bank Statement Statement GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation P R Debit Credit Jul 31 Cash 30 Interest Revenue 30 31 Supplies Inventory 28 Accounts Receivable 225 Cash 253 7-14 Used for minor expenditures. Petty Cash Funds Petty Cash Funds Has one custodian. Replenished periodically. Petty Cash Funds 7-15 Short-Term Investments Short-Term Investments Bond Investments Capital Stock Investments Current Assets Almost As Liquid As Cash Readily Marketable Marketable Securities are . . . 7-16 Purchase of Marketable Securities Purchase of Marketable Securities Foster Corporation purchases as a short-term investment 4,000 shares of The Coca-Cola Company on December 1. Foster paid $48.98 per share, plus a brokerage commission of $80. Foster Corporation purchases as a short-term investment 4,000 shares of The Coca-Cola Company on December 1. Foster paid $48.98 per share, plus a brokerage commission of $80. Total Cost: (4,000 × $48.98) + $80 = $196,000 Cost per Share: $196,000 ÷ 4,000 = $49.00 7-17 Recognition of Investment Recognition of Investment Revenue Revenue On December 15, Foster Corporation receives a $0.30 per share dividend on its 4,000 shares of Coca-Cola. On December 15, Foster Corporation receives a $0.30 per share dividend on its 4,000 shares of Coca-Cola. 4,000 × $0.30 = $1,200 7-18 Sales of Investments Sales of Investments On December 18, Foster Corporation sells 500 shares of its Coca-Cola stock for $50.04 per share, less a $20 brokerage commission. On December 18, Foster Corporation sells 500 shares of its Coca-Cola stock for $50.04 per share, less a $20 brokerage commission. Sales Proceeds: (500 × $50.04) - $20 = $25,000 Cost Basis: 500 × $49 = $24,500 Gain on Sale: $25,000 - $24,500 = $500 7-19 Adjusting Marketable Adjusting Marketable Securities to Market Value Securities to Market Value On December 31, Foster Corporation’s remaining shares of Coca-Cola capital stock have a current market value of $47,000. Prior to any adjustment, the company’s Marketable Securities account has a balance of $49,000 (1,000 × $49 per share). On December 31, Foster Corporation’s remaining shares of Coca-Cola capital stock have a current market value of $47,000. Prior to any adjustment, the company’s Marketable Securities account has a balance of $49,000 (1,000 × $49 per share). Unrealized Loss: $47,000 - $49,000 = ($2,000) 7-20 Reflecting Uncollectible Reflecting Uncollectible Accounts in the Financial Accounts in the Financial Statements Statements At the end of each period, record an estimate of the uncollectible accounts. At the end of each period, record an estimate of the uncollectible accounts. Contra-asset account Contra-asset account Selling expense Selling expense 7-21 The Allowance for Doubtful The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts The net realizable value is the amount of accounts receivable that the business expects to collect. Accounts receivable Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts Net realizable value of accounts receivable 7-22 Writing Off an Uncollectible Writing Off an Uncollectible Account Receivable Account Receivable When an account is determined to be uncollectible, it no longer qualifies as an asset and should be written off. When an account is determined to be uncollectible, it no longer qualifies as an asset and should be written off. 7-23 Before Write-Off After Write-Off Accounts receivable $ 10,000 9,500 $ Less: Allow. for doubtful accts. 2,500 2,000 Net realizable value $ 7,500 7,500 $ Notice that the $500 write-off did not change the net realizable value nor did it affect any income statement accounts. Writing Off an Uncollectible Writing Off an Uncollectible Account Receivable Account Receivable 7-24 Monthly Estimates of Credit Monthly Estimates of Credit Losses Losses At the end of each month, management should estimate the probable amount of uncollectible accounts and adjust the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to this new estimate. At the end of each month, management should estimate the probable amount of uncollectible accounts and adjust the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to this new estimate. Two Approaches to Estimating Credit Losses: 1. Balance Sheet Approach 2. Income Statement Approach 7-25 Estimating Credit Losses — Estimating Credit Losses — The Balance Sheet Approach The Balance Sheet Approach  Year-end Accounts Receivable is broken down into age classifications.  Year-end Accounts Receivable is broken down into age classifications.  Each age grouping has a different likelihood of being uncollectible.  Each age grouping has a different likelihood of being uncollectible.  Compute a separate allowance for each age grouping.  Compute a separate allowance for each age grouping. 7-26 Estimating Credit Losses — Estimating Credit Losses — The Balance Sheet Approach The Balance Sheet Approach At December 31, the receivables for EastCo, Inc. were categorized as follows:    7-27 EastCo’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $500. Per the previous computation, the desired balance is $1,350. EastCo’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $500. Per the previous computation, the desired balance is $1,350. Estimating Credit Losses — Estimating Credit Losses — The Balance Sheet Approach The Balance Sheet Approach 7-28 Estimating Credit Losses — Estimating Credit Losses — The Income Statement The Income Statement Approach Approach Net Credit Sales  % Estimated Uncollectible Amount of Journal Entry Net Credit Sales  % Estimated Uncollectible Amount of Journal Entry Uncollectible accounts’ percentage is based on actual uncollectible accounts from prior years’ credit sales. 7-29 Estimating Credit Losses — Estimating Credit Losses — The Income Statement The Income Statement Approach Approach In 2009, EastCo had credit sales of $60,000. Historically, 1% of EastCo’s credit sales has been uncollectible. For 2009, the estimate of uncollectible accounts expense is $600. ($60,000 × .01 = $600) In 2009, EastCo had credit sales of $60,000. Historically, 1% of EastCo’s credit sales has been uncollectible. For 2009, the estimate of uncollectible accounts expense is $600. ($60,000 × .01 = $600) 7-30 Recovery of an Account Recovery of an Account Receivable Previously Written Receivable Previously Written Off Off Subsequent collections require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash collection is recorded. Subsequent collections require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash collection is recorded. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation P R Debit Credit Accounts Receivable (X Customer) $$$$ Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $$$$ Cash $$$$ Accounts Receivable (X Customer) $$$$ 7-31 Direct Write-Off Method Direct Write-Off Method This method makes no attempt to match revenues with the expense of uncollectible accounts. 7-32 Internal Controls for Internal Controls for Receivables Receivables Maintenance of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger. Custody of cash receipts.  Authorization of accounts receivable write- offs. Maintenance of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger. Custody of cash receipts.  Authorization of accounts receivable write- offs. Separate the following duties: 7-33 Management of Accounts Management of Accounts Receivable Receivable Extending credit encourages customers to buy from us but it ties up resources in accounts receivable. Factoring Accounts Receivable Credit Card Sales 7-34 A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing to pay on demand or at a future date a definite sum of money. A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing to pay on demand or at a future date a definite sum of money. Notes Receivable and Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue Interest Revenue Maker—the person who signs the note and thereby promises to pay. Payee—the person to whom payment is to be made. Maker—the person who signs the note and thereby promises to pay. Payee—the person to whom payment is to be made. 7-35 Notes Receivable and Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue Interest Revenue The interest formula includes three variables: The interest formula includes three variables: Interest = Principal × Interest Rate × Time When computing interest for one year, “Time” equals 1. When the computation period is less than one year, then “Time” is a fraction. When computing interest for one year, “Time” equals 1. When the computation period is less than one year, then “Time” is a fraction. For example, if we needed to compute interest for 3 months, “Time” would be 3/12. For example, if we needed to compute interest for 3 months, “Time” would be 3/12. 7-36 On November 1, Hall Company loans $10,000 to Porter Company on a 90-day note earning 12 percent interest. On December 31st, Hall Company needs an adjusting entry to record the interest revenue on the Porter Company note. On November 1, Hall Company loans $10,000 to Porter Company on a 90-day note earning 12 percent interest. On December 31st, Hall Company needs an adjusting entry to record the interest revenue on the Porter Company note. Notes Receivable and Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue Interest Revenue $10,00012% 60/360 = $200 $10,00012% 60/360 = $200 7-37 What entry would Hall Company make on the maturity date? What entry would Hall Company make on the maturity date? Notes Receivable and Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue Interest Revenue $10,00012% 90/360 = $300 $10,00012% 90/360 = $300 7-38 Financial Analysis and Financial Analysis and Decision Making Decision Making Accounts Receivable Turnover Rate This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue. Accounts Receivable Turnover Rate This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue. Net Sales Average Accounts Receivable 7-39 Financial Analysis and Financial Analysis and Decision Making Decision Making Avg. Number of Days to Collect A/R This ratio helps judge the liquidity of a company’s accounts receivable. Avg. Number of Days to Collect A/R This ratio helps judge the liquidity of a company’s accounts receivable. Days in Year Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio 7-40 End of Chapter 7 End of Chapter 7