CSC 316 Chapter, Spring 2004

1 Intrusion Detection Systems An Overview 2 Agenda Background and Necessity Firewalls Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)  Introduction and Benefits  Difference between Firewall and IDS  Types of IDS  Intrusion Detection Techniques  Unrealistic Expectations 3 Historical Facts May 1996, 10 major agencies, comprising 98% of Federal Budget were attacked with 64% 64% of attack success rate Feb 2000, DOS DOS attacks against world’s largest commercial web sites including yahoo.com and amazon.com. July 2001, Code Red Code Red virus sweeps across the whole world infecting 150,000 150,000 computers in just 14 14 hours. Sept 2001, NIMDA NIMDA virus expands itself to computers all across US, lasts for days and attacks over 80,000 80,000 computers 4 Points to Ponder Typical businesses spend only about 0.15% of annual sales on the security needs of their corporate network [1] This amount is even less than most of these companies This amount is even less than most of these companies spend on coffee for the staff spend on coffee for the staff 60% of firms do not have a clue about how much these security breaches are costing them [2] Approximately 70 percent of all cyber attacks on Approximately 70 percent of all cyber attacks on enterprise systems are believed to be enterprise systems are believed to be perpetrated by trusted insiders perpetrated by trusted insiders 5 Hackers’ Side Of the Picture 6 Typical Network Architecture 7 First Line of Defense: The Firewall Primary means of securing a private network against penetration from a public network An access control device, performing perimeter security by deciding which packets are allowed or denied, and which must be modified before passing Core of enterprise’s comprehensive security policy Can monitor all traffic entering and leaving the private network, and alert the IT staff to any attempts to circumvent security or patterns of inappropriate use 8 Network Firewall Concept Firewall System Your Domain Legitimate Activity Violations 9 Types Of Firewall Basic Router Security; Basic Router Security; includes Access control Lists (ACLs) and Network Address Translation (NAT) Packet Filtering; Packet Filtering; includes inspection of data packets based on header information, source and destination addresses and ports and message protocol type etc Stateful Inspections; Stateful Inspections; includes packet inspections based on sessions and tracking of individual connections. Packets are allowed to pass only if associated with a valid session initiated from within the network. Application Level Gateways; Application Level Gateways; (Proxy servers) protect specific network services by restricting the features and commands that can be accessed from outside the network. Presents reduced feature sets to external users 10 Introduction to IDS IDSs prepare for and deal with attacks by collecting information from a variety of system and network sources, then analyzing the symptoms of security problems IDSs serve three essential security functions; monitor monitor, detect detect and respond respond to unauthorized activity IDS can also respond automatically (in real-time) to a security breach event such as logging off a user, disabling a user account and launching some scripts 11 Some of the benefits of IDS monitors the operation of firewalls, routers, key management servers and files critical to other security mechanisms allows administrator to tune, organize and comprehend often incomprehensible operating system audit trails and other logs can make the security management of systems by non- expert staff possible by providing nice user friendly interface comes with extensive attack signature database against which information from the customers system can be matched can recognize and report alterations to data files 12 FIREWALLS VS IDSs 13 FIREWALL VS IDS (cont) Firewall cannot detect security breaches associated with traffic that does not pass through it. Only IDS is aware of traffic in the internal network Not all access to the Internet occurs through the firewall. Firewall does not inspect the content of the permitted traffic Firewall is more likely to be attacked more often than IDS Firewall is usually helpless against tunneling attacks IDS is capable of monitoring messages from other pieces of security infrastructure 14 TYPES OF IDS 1. HOST – BASED (HIDS) 2. NETWORK – BASED (NIDS) 3. HYBRID 15 HIDS works in switched network environments operates in encrypted environments detects and collects the most relevant information in the quickest possible manner tracks behavior changes associated with misuse. requires the use of the resources of a host server – disk space, RAM and CPU time Does not protect entire infrastructure 16 NIDS PASSIVE Interface to Network Traffic 17 NIDS (cont) Sensor Placement 18 NIDS (cont) Advantages NIDS uses a passive interface to capture network packets for analyzing. NIDS sensors placed around the globe can be configured to report back to a central site, enabling a small team of security experts to support a large enterprise. NIDS systems scale well for network protection because the number of actual workstations, servers, or user systems on the network is not critical – the amount of traffic is what matters Most network-based IDSs are OS-Independent Provide better security against DOS attacks 19 NIDS (cont) Disadvantages Cannot scan protocols or content if network traffic is encrypted Intrusion detection becomes more difficult on modern switched networks Current network-based monitoring approaches cannot efficiently handle high-speed networks Most of Network-based systems are based on predefined attack signatures--signatures that will always be a step behind the latest underground exploits 20 HYBRID Although the two types of Intrusion Detection Systems differ significantly from each other, but they also complement each other. Such a system can target activity at any or all levels It is easier to see patterns of attacks over time and across the network space No proven industry standards with regards to interoperability of intrusion detection components Hybrid systems are difficult to manage and deploy 21 INTRUSION DETECTION TECHNIQUES MISUSE DETECTION (SIGNATURE MISUSE DETECTION (SIGNATURE ANALYSIS) ANALYSIS) 1. PATTERN MATCHING 2. STATEFUL PATTERN MATCHING 3. PROTOCOL DECODE BASED ANALYSIS 4. HEURISTIC BASED ANALYSIS TARGET MONITORING TARGET MONITORING 22 INTRUSION DETECTION TECHNIQUES (cont) ANOMALY DETECTION ANOMALY DETECTION 1. STATISTICAL APPROACH 2. PREDICTIVE PATTERN GENERATION 3. NEURAL NETWORKS STEALTH PROBES STEALTH PROBES 23 IDS is not a SILVER BULLET SILVER BULLET cannot conduct investigations of attacks without human intervention cannot intuit the contents of your organizational security policy cannot compensate for weaknesses in network protocols cannot compensate for weak identification and authentication mechanisms capable of monitoring network traffic but to a certain extent of traffic level 24 References [1] “Inoculating The Network” By Mathias Thurman EBSCO HOST Research Databases [2] National Strategy To Secure Cyberspace Draft September 2002 www.securecyberspace.gov [3] An Introduction to Intrusion Detection / Assessment By Rebecca Bace http://www.icsalabs.com [4] White paper on “The Science Of Intrusion Detection System – Attack Identification” http://www.cisco.com 25 References (cont) [5] “An Introduction To Intrusion Detection Systems” By Paul Innella and Oba McMillan, Tetrad Digital Integrity, LLC http://www.securityfocusonline.com/ [6] “Intrusion Detection and Prevention Product Update” By Joel McFarland Speaker Presentations at http://www.cisco.com [7] “An Introduction to Intrusion Detection” By Aurobindo Sundaram http://www.acm.org [8] White paper on “Internet Security for Small Businesses” http://www.cisco.com [9] Presentation on Firewalls by Tom Longstaff Cert Coordination Center - Carnegie Mellon University http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/95-750/yihudoc/Lecture6.ppt