CSC 385 Chapter 4, Fall 2003

V. Sawma, Internet Computing 1 Chapter 4 - Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Outline 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Elements and Attributes 4.3 Editing XHTML 4.4 Common Elements 4.5 W3C XHTML Validation Service 4.6 Headers 4.7 Linking 4.8 Images 4.9 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 4.10 Unordered Lists 4.11 Nested and Ordered Lists Outline 2 Main.html Program Output 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.1: main.html --> 6 <!-- Our first Web page --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 <p>Welcome to XHTML!</p> 15 </body> 16 </html> The text between the title tags appears as the title of the web page. Elements between the body tags of the html document appear in the body of the web page V. Sawma, Internet Computing 3 4.5 W3C XHTML Validation Service Fig. 4.2 Validating an XHTML document. (Courtesy of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).) V. Sawma, Internet Computing 4 4.5 W3C XHTML Validation Service Fig. 4.3 XHTML validation results. (Courtesy of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).) Outline 5 Header.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.4: header.html --> 6 <!-- XHTML headers --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Headers</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1> 16 <h2>Level 2 header</h2> 17 <h3>Level 3 header</h3> 18 <h4>Level 4 header</h4> 19 <h5>Level 5 header</h5> 20 <h6>Level 6 header</h6> 21 22 </body> 23 </html> The font size of the text between tags decreases as the header level increases. Every XHTML document is required to have opening and closing html tags. Outline 6 Program Output Select a header based on the amount of emphasis you would like to give that text. Outline 7 Links.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.5: links.html --> 6 <!-- Introduction to hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Links</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>Here are my favorite sites</h1> 16 17 <p><strong>Click on a name to go to that page.</strong></p> 18 19 <p><a href = "http://www.deitel.com">Deitel</a></p> 20 21 <p><a href = "http://www.prenhall.com">Prentice Hall</a></p> 22 23 <p><a href = "http://www.yahoo.com">Yahoo!</a></p> 24 25 <p><a href = "http://www.usatoday.com">USA Today</a></p> 26 27 </body> 28 </html> Text between strong tags will appear bold. Elements placed between paragraph tags will be set apart from other elements on the page with a vertical line before and after it. Linking is accomplished in XHTML with the anchor (a) element. The anchor links to the page that’s value is given by the href attribute. The text between the a tags is the anchor for the link. Outline 8 Program Output Clicking on the “Deitel” link will open up the Deitel homepage in the same browser window. Outline 9 Contact.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.6: contact.html --> 6 <!-- Adding email hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page 11 </title> 12 </head> 13 14 <body> 15 16 <p>My email address is 17 <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com"> deitel@deitel.com 18 </a>. Click the address and your browser will open an 19 email message and address it to me.</p> 20 21 </body> 22 </html> To create an email link include “mailto:” before the email address in the href attribute. Outline 10 Program Output When a user clicks on an email link, an email message addressed to the value of the link will open up. Outline 11 Picture.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.7: picture.html --> 6 <!-- Adding images with XHTML --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <p><img src = "xmlhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" 16 alt = "XML How to Program book cover" /> 17 <img src = "jhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" 18 alt = "Java How to Program book cover" /></p> 19 </body> 20 </html> The value of the src attribute of the image element is the location of the image file. The height and width attributes of the image element give the height and width of the image. The value of the alt attribute gives a description of the image. This description is displayed if the image cannot be displayed. Outline 12 Program Output The second image could not be displayed properly, so the value of its alt attribute is displayed instead. Outline 13 Nav.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.8: nav.html --> 6 <!-- Using images as link anchors --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Navigation Bar 11 </title> 12 </head> 13 14 <body> 15 16 <p> 17 <a href = "links.html"> 18 <img src = "buttons/links.jpg" width = "65" 19 height = "50" alt = "Links Page" /></a><br /> 20 21 <a href = "list.html"> 22 <img src = "buttons/list.jpg" width = "65" 23 height = "50" alt = "List Example Page" /></a><br /> 24 25 <a href = "contact.html"> 26 <img src = "buttons/contact.jpg" width = "65" 27 height = "50" alt = "Contact Page" /></a><br /> 28 29 <a href = "header.html"> 30 <img src = "buttons/header.jpg" width = "65" 31 height = "50" alt = "Header Page" /></a><br /> 32 33 <a href = "table.html"> 34 <img src = "buttons/table.jpg" width = "65" 35 height = "50" alt = "Table Page" /></a><br /> Placing an image element between anchor tags, creates an image that is an anchor for a link. A line break will render an empty line on a web page. Outline 14 Nav.html Program Output 36 37 <a href = "form.html"> 38 <img src = "buttons/form.jpg" width = "65" 39 height = "50" alt = "Feedback Form" /></a><br /> 40 </p> 41 42 </body> 43 </html> Using an image as an anchor works exactly the same as using text. Clicking on the image entitled “links” brings the user to the page on the right. Outline 15 Contact2.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.9: contact2.html --> 6 <!-- Inserting special characters --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page 11 </title> 12 </head> 13 14 <body> 15 16 <!-- Special characters are entered --> 17 <!-- using the form &code; --> 18 <p>My email address is 19 <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com">deitel@deitel.com 20 </a>. Click on the address and your browser will 21 automatically open an email message and address it to my 22 address.</p> 23 24 <hr /> <!-- Inserts a horizontal rule --> 25 26 <p>All information on this site is <strong>&copy;</strong> 27 Deitel <strong>&amp;</strong> Associates, Inc. 2002.</p> 28 29 <!-- Text can be struck out with a set of --> 30 <!-- <del>...</del> tags, it can be set in subscript --> 31 <!-- with _..., and it can be set into --> 32 <!-- superscript with <sup...</sup> --> 33 <p><del>You may download 3.14 x 10² 34 characters worth of information from this site.</del> 35 Only _one download per hour is permitted.</p> The horizontal rule element renders a horizontal line on the web page. Special characters are denoted with an ampersand (&) and an abbreviation for that character. In this case, the special characters are ampersand and copyright. Outline 16 Contact2.html Program Output 36 37 <p>Note: <strong>&lt; &frac14;</strong> of the information 38 presented here is updated daily.</p> 39 40 </body> 41 </html> Text placed between del tags is struck out.. Text placed between the sup tags is superscripted. Text placed between the sub tags is subscripted. Outline 17 Links2.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.10: links2.html --> 6 <!-- Unordered list containing hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Links</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>Here are my favorite sites</h1> 16 17 <p><strong>Click on a name to go to that page.</strong></p> 18 19 <ul> 20 <li><a href = "http://www.deitel.com">Deitel</a></li> 21 22 <li><a href = "http://www.prenhall.com">Prentice Hall 23 </a></li> 24 25 <li><a href = "http://www.yahoo.com">Yahoo!</a></li> 26 27 <li><a href = "http://www.usatoday.com">USA Today</a> 28 </li> 29 </ul> 30 </body> 31 </html> The entries in an unordered list must be included between the <ul> and </ul> tags. An entry in the list must be placed between the <li> and </li> tags. Outline 18 Program Output Each entry in the list is rendered on its own line with a bullet before it. Outline 19 List.html 1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" 3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 4 5 <!-- Fig. 4.11: list.html --> 6 <!-- Advanced Lists: nested and ordered --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Lists</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>The Best Features of the Internet</h1> 16 17 <ul> 18 <li>You can meet new people from countries around 19 the world.</li> 20 <li>You have access to new media as it becomes public: 21 22 <!-- This starts a nested list, which uses a --> 23 <!-- modified bullet. The list ends when you --> 24 <!-- close the <ul> tag --> 25 <ul> 26 <li>New games</li> 27 <li>New applications 28 29 <!-- Another nested list --> 30 <ol type = "I"> 31 <li>For business</li> 32 <li>For pleasure</li> 33 </ol> <!-- Ends the double nested list --> 34 </li> 35 Entries for an ordered list must be placed between the <ol> and </ol> tags. By inserting a list as an entry in another list, lists can be nested. Outline 20 List.html 36 <li>Around the clock news</li> 37 <li>Search engines</li> 38 <li>Shopping</li> 39 <li>Programming 40 41 <ol type = "a"> 42 <li>XML</li> 43 <li>Java</li> 44 <li>XHTML</li> 45 <li>Scripts</li> 46 <li>New languages</li> 47 </ol> 48 49 </li> 50 51 </ul> <!-- Ends the first level nested list --> 52 </li> 53 54 <li>Links</li> 55 <li>Keeping in touch with old friends</li> 56 <li>It is the technology of the future!</li> 57 58 </ul> <!-- Ends the primary unordered list --> 59 60 <h1>My 3 Favorite <em>CEOs</em></h1> 61 62 <!-- ol elements without a type attribute --> 63 <!-- have a numeric sequence type (i.e., 1, 2, ...) --> 64 <ol> 65 <li>Harvey Deitel</li> 66 <li>Bill Gates</li> 67 <li>Michael Dell</li> 68 </ol> The type attribute of the ordered list element allows you to select a sequence type to order the list. Text placed between the em tags will be italicized. Outline 21 List.html Program Output 69 70 </body> 71 </html> Some sequence types available to order lists are roman numerals, letters and numbers. Nested lists are indented underneath the main list.